农村留守女童父母照顾权阙如及补正——陕西省渭南市富平县H乡的个案分析

本文分析了农村留守女童父母照顾权中的居所指定权被滥用、教育权缺失、交往权阙如的情况,提出未来的《婚姻法》修订中应当规定父母照顾权,并细化父母照顾权的内容,继而在《民法典.亲属编》中分别规定父母照顾权和监护制度,使其各司其职,从而为农村留守女童权益保障提供制度支持。     

英国的持续性代理权制度

2005年英国完善后的“持续性代理权制度”对成年监护制度有重大影响,比之我国目前的成年人监护制度方面的规定,我国的制度显得十分不足。本文介绍英国的＂持续性代理权制度＂,希望对我国的立法或制度构建有所帮助。     

我国未成年人监护权监督制度的构建

现实生活中，监护人不尽监护职责，甚至侵犯被监护人合法权益的事情屡屡发生，主要是因为对未成年人的监护权缺乏监督造成的。我国应借鉴国外经验，建立专门的监护权监督保护机构，并从立法上规定监护权转移的具体情形和程序，构建起我国的未成年人监护权监督制度，从而更好地保护未成年人的合法权益，促其健康成长。     

我国未成年人监护立法的不足与完善

长期以来,有关监护问题在我国并未受到足够的重视,法律现有的规定也过于笼统,已经不适应新时期我国社会关系特别是家庭关系发展的需要。特别是在未成年人监护方面存在着监护内容不具体、监护种类不全面、监护产生的程序不明确、监护监督制度未建立等许多问题,我们应以民法典的制定为历史契机,全面完善我国未成年人监护制度。     

处于多重语境中的民事责任能力

私法范畴的民事责任能力不是一个内涵统一的概念。本文运用语境分析的方法,揭示出处于惩罚语境、责任构成语境、后果承担语境中的民事责任能力概念的不同内涵。每一种语境都有自己的表达需求。民事责任能力概念成了稀缺资源,供不应求。无论哪个语境垄断民事责任能力概念,都将造成其他语境的表达困难。学者们围绕民事责任能力产生的很多争论实质是不同语境中的话语权之争。解决话语权之争的途径是:在不同的语境下使用不同的概念来防止歧义。     

GUARDIANSHIP IN CONTEXT: IMPLICATIONS FOR BURGLARY VICTIMIZATION RISK AND PREVENTION*

Survey data from 4,227 Seattle residents nested within 100 “neighborhoods” (census tracts) were analyzed to discern interrelationships between various dimensions of individual‐level and neighborhood‐level guardianship. We focused on four dimensions of guardianship–physical (target hardening), personal (home occupancy), social (informal control), and natural (surveillance through environmental design)–at both individual and neighborhood levels. A multilevel opportunity, theoretical framework guided hypotheses, which suggests that each of the four dimensions of individual guardianship would be related more negatively to burglary as each of the four dimensions of aggregate guardianship increased. Multilevel logistic regression analysis revealed support for many of such hypothesized moderating effects of aggregate guardianship. More specifically, 6 of the 16 possible interaction effects were statistically significant at the .05 level and an additional 3 interaction effects were significant at the .10 level. In particular, individuallevel target hardening, place management, and natural surveillancewere related more negatively to burglary as neighborhood‐level target hardening increased, as neighborhood‐level informal social control increased, and as neighborhood‐level natural surveillance increased.     

Lifestyle changes and risks of criminal victimization

Routine activity/lifestyle theories have been used to explain temporal changes in crime rates, the social ecology of crime, and individuals' risks of criminal victimization. Using a panel of 33,773 individuals and 19,005 households at two points in time, the current study extends previous research by examining whether changes in lifestyles are associated with changes in individuals' risks of personal and property victimization. Changes in lifestyles which signal greater target visibility or exposure to motivated offenders (greater daytime and nighttime activity outside the home) and reduced guardianship (decreases in the number of household members) are generally associated with increased risks of both types of victimization. Persons who maintained high levels of nighttime activity outside the household were also more likely to remain victims at both time periods. However, active lifestyle changes (increased precautionary actions) did not have their expected impact on reducing victimization risks, and several other changes over time also were inconsistent with expectations. The paper concludes with a discussion of the role of passive and active lifestyle changes on victimization risks and the implications of our findings for developing sociological theories of criminal victimization.An early draft of this paper was presented at the Annual Meetings of the American Society of Criminology, November 11–14, 1987. The data for this study were originally collected by the Bureau of Census for the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration and were made available by the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research. Neither the collectors of the data nor the Consortium bears any responsibility for the analyses or interpretations presented here.     

《侵权责任法》第三十二条解读

《侵权责任法》第三十二条第一款确立了监护人责任的一般原则,即相对的无过错责任原则,或者说存在减责的无过错责任归责原则,该款规定的是监护人与受害人的外部关系。第二款是对第一款的补充或说明,规定的是被监护人与监护人的内部关系。第一款与第二款共同构成监护责任的处理依据,只有在适用了第一款的前提下,第二款才有可能被适用。     

我国现行成年监护制度的重构

我国现行成年监护主要是成年精神病人监护,主要规定在我国《民法通则》,然而其不足随着社会的发展变化而日益显现,在监护理念、监护对象和监护类型上等都有不少需要完善的地方。西方国家由于很早以前就步入老龄化社会,因此,他们在成年监护制度方面拥有十分丰富的经验,在监护理念、具体的监护制度和相关程序方面都值得我国去借鉴。     

论清偿抵充

2009年出台的最高人民法院《关于适用〈中华人民共和国合同法〉若干问题的解释(二)》首次规定了清偿抵充制度。然而,基于司法救急的原因,《合同法司法解释二》没有规定指定抵充。我国民法典应当按照《德国民法典》的债务人指定模式对指定抵充进行规定,同时,应当在《合同法司法解释二》相关规定的基础上,借鉴大陆法系国家和地区民法典关于清偿抵充的立法经验,进一步完善法定抵充制度。